293-309.), hydrologic modeling is an important tool to understand the hydrological cycle and can assist in the management of water resources in a watershed. The effects of afforestation and deforestation on water yields. According to Sahin and Hall (1996 Sahin, V. Because of anthropogenic changes in the Amazon, many studies seek and propose tools to analyze these impacts from many environmental aspects. Global impacts of conversions from natural to agricultural ecosystems on water resources: quantity versus quality. However, the increase in the deforestation rate in the Amazon jeopardizes its water balance and consequently its environmental systems.ĭeforestation reduces evapotranspiration and increases surface flow because of the lower leaf area index, root density, soil depth and higher soil compaction ( Scanlon et al., 2007 Scanlon, B. Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. The high rates of precipitation in the Amazon and the large volumes of water flow in rivers are part of the great hydrological cycle in this region that influences other Brazilian ecosystems, such as the Cerrado ( Malhi et al., 2008 Malhi, Y. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(23), pp. Dependence of hydropower energy generation on forests in the Amazon Basin at local and regional scales. Moreover, it has high cultural and biological diversity ( Stickler et al., 2013 Stickler, C. In addition, it plays a major role in carbon sequestration, as well as in the transfer of water vapor to the atmosphere, fundamental to maintaining the forest itself. The Amazon basin represents the largest area of tropical forest on Earth, exerting a significant influence on the local and global climate because of the flows of energy and water in the atmosphere. Hydrological modeling SWAT southeastern Amazon In addition, they can improve the management of natural resources in the Itacaiúnas River watershed. The results may assist in public policy including mitigation and adaptation of environmental systems in the region. Regarding anthropogenic actions in the watershed, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and sediment transportation are clearly affected by environmental degradation, as well as by the replacement of forest by grassland and mining activities. It was evident that base and lateral flows are responsible for maintaining perennial river flow during the dry season. The results showed that the hydrological variables in the Amazon tend to follow the seasonal precipitation cycle, with the highest values occurring between January and June and lowest between July and November. These data are input parameters for the SWAT model. SWAT modeling requires several databases, such as relief, land use and land occupation, soil type, and climatic and hydrological variables. The aim of this study was to analyze the simulation of some hydrological processes in the Itacaiúnas River watershed and its relation with human-induced impacts in the Southeast region of the Pará state using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Thus, the use of hydrological models is necessary to gain an understanding of these impacts on Amazonian river systems. ![]() The impacts of anthropogenic degradation are becoming increasingly more evident in the Amazon and are jeopardizing its environmental systems and water resources, particularly in low monitored watersheds.
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